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Polish language used to be lingua franca in Central and Eastern Europe of the 15-16th
centuries due to the powerful economic and political expansion of the Polish-Lithuanian
principality. Currently it is spoken by 46 million people, including 38 million native speakers in
Poland. Polish is also used in the neighboring countries - Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, Germany,
and also in national communities of France and the U.S.A.
Modern Polish originates from the Western Slavonic language family. It bears substantial
similarities to Czech that belongs to another (Lechitic) branch of this linguistic family.
Throughout its history, Polish has actively interacted with various languages. Latin was used in
religious catholic rites and contributed many words to the contemporary vocabulary. German,
Italian, Russian, French and Czech influenced the language as the corresponding countries
bordered on Poland or had perceptible influence on the country's economy in various stages of
its history. Currently, Polish language undergoes the linguistic intervention of English terms. It is
interesting to note that although Polish language uses Latin alphabet, it still adapts the endings of
the borrowed words, making them sound more Slavic, e.g. "inauguracja" meaning inauguration.
Polish grammar is difficult to comprehend for English native speaker due to its flexible
character: there are seven cases and five genders of nouns. Verb declensions are another
characteristic (and problematic) trait of this language.
Poland is one of the most uniform states in the linguistic aspect. Approximately 97% of
the citizens consider this language to be their mother tongue (which is also the official language
in this country). Nevertheless, the language itself falls into several dialects that correspond to
geographic location of the tribes in the past: Great and Little Polish, Mazur, Silesian and the
Warsaw dialect. The most outstanding representative of the Polish literature is the Romantic poet
Adam Mieckiewich.
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