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Russian is the official language of Russian Federation, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and
Kazakhstan. The number of native speakers is about 145 million and about 110 million people
use it as a second language. Russian is one of the official languages utilized in the United
Nations Organization. Due to its popularity, Russian has lately largely extended its word stock
with international terms in politics, economics and science. Russian language has the synthetic-
flexible character with tenses, inflections and case systems that enhance the expressive means of
the language, but creates perceptible difficulties for the foreign learners.
This language originates from the East-Slavonic group of dialects that started to
consolidate into separate languages in the 7th-9th centuries. Russian incorporated two dialects:
South-Russian and North-Russian that were spoken by the tribes living around Tmutarakan'
(near the Azov Sea) and Novgorod-Pskov. Later the South-Russians moved to the north and
northeast, founding the new cities - centers of feudal power, like Vladimir, Ryazan and
especially Moscow. This movement created a new dialect group, Middle Russian that combined
the features of the mentioned dialects and played a key role in formation of the contemporary
Russian language. Further development of the language in the Middle Ages is characterized by
gradual suppression of the Slavonic influence and the approximation of Russian to the living
spoken language. One of the lasting Slavonic traits of Russian is the use of Cyrillic alphabet.
Later, Russian was influenced by Greek and Roman languages, namely English, German and
French.
Russian was the only official language of the Russian empire, which existed until 1917. It
was also the principal language of the Soviet Union, i.e. for about 70 years, until the global
reform ("perestroika") that took place in 1988. Afterwards, the status of Russian language has
been somewhat undermined, but still it remains the lingua franca of the world. The most
outstanding literary works in Russian belong to the great Romantic poet Aleksandr Pushkin and
the Realist writers Leo Tolstoy and Fedor Dostoyevsky.
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